Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy Reviewer free essay sample

The unconscious stores all experiences, memories, and repressed materials. Anxiety – feeling of dread that results from repressed feelings, memories, desires, and experience that emerge to the surface of awareness. (reality [from external world, proportionate to the threat; ego], neurotic [fear that instincts will get out of hand; id], moral [fear of one’s own conscience; superego]) Ego-defense Mechanisms – coping with anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed; either deny or distort reality; operate on an unconscious level (e. g. repression, denial, reaction formation, projection, displacement, rationalization, sublimation, regression, introjections, identification, compensation) Ultimate goal: to increase adaptive functioning Reduction of symptoms Resolution of conflicts Freudian: to make the unconscious conscious and to strengthen the ego Oriented toward achieving insight Classical psychoanalysis: anonymous stance (blank-screen approach) Transference relationship – cornerstone of psychoanalysis, transfer of feelings originally experienced in an early relationship to other important people Engage in very little self-disclosure and maintain a sense of neutrality To help clients acquire the freedom to love, work, and play Help in achieving self-awareness, honesty, and more effective personal relationships; dealing with anxiety in a realistic way; and in gaining control over impulsive and irrational behavior Must establish a working relationship and do a great deal of listening and interpreting. We will write a custom essay sample on Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy Reviewer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 6 basic techniques: 1. Maintaining the analytic framework – whole range of procedural and stylistic factors (relative anonymity, neutrality and objectivity, etc. ) 2. Free association – clients are encouraged to say whatever comes to mind 3. Interpretation – analyst points out, explains and even teaches the client meanings of behavior manifested in dreams, free association, resistances, and the therapeutic relationship itself 4. Dream analysis –latent content, manifest content 5. Analysis of resistance – resistance is anything that works against the progress of therapy and prevents the client from producing previously unconscious material; any idea, attitude, feeling or action that fosters the status quo and gets in the way of change 6. Analysis of transference through the relationship with the therapist, clients express feelings, beliefs and desires they have buried in their unconscious; allows client to achieve a here-and-now insight Jungian Therapy We are not merely shaped by past events but that we are influenced by our future as well as our past. Part of the nature of humans is to be constantly developing, growing, and moving toward a balanced and complete level of development. Achieving individuation is an innate and primary goal. Midlife: we need to let go of many of the values and behaviors that guided the first half of our life and confront our unconscious. Individuation – the harmonious integration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of personality Unconscious – source of creativity Collective unconscious – deepest level of the psyche containing the accumulation of inherited experiences of human and prehuman species Archetypes – images of universal experiences contained in the collective unconscious Persona – mask Anima – femininity Animus – masculinity Shadow – dark side 2 functions of dreams: prospective and compensatory Increase client’s consciousness in order to move toward psychological balance and wholeness Bring relief and meaning to psychological suffering To examine the motivations in our thoughts and actions that lie beneath conscious awareness so as to achieve deeper and more long-lasting changes in the personality. Therapist and client are seen as more or less equals Dream analysis Creative expressions Adlerian Therapy Unity of personality, the need to view people from their subjective perspective, importance of life goals People are motivated by social interest and by finding goals to give life meaning. Humans are motivated primarily by social relatedness. Behavior is purposeful and goal-directed Consciousness rather than unconsciousness is the focus of therapy. Stressed choice and responsibility, meaning in life, and the striving for success, completion and perfection. Inferiority feelings – wellspring of creativity; motivate us to strive for mastery, success (superiority) and completion Life goal – unifies the personality and becomes the source of human motivation We have the capacity to interpret, influence and create events Subjective perception of reality – viewing the world from the client’s subjective frame of reference (phenomenological orientation) Individual psychology – unity and indivisibility of the person; stresses understanding the whole person in the context of his or her life: how all dimensions of a person are interconnected components Holistic concept – we cannot be understood in parts Fictional finalism – an imagined life goal that guides a person’s behavior; replaced with ‘guiding self-ideal’ and ‘goal of perfection’ Striving for significance and superiority – recognition of inferiority feelings and the consequent striving for perfection or mastery are innate Lifestyle – connecting themes and rules of interaction that give meaning to our actions; perceptions regarding self, others, and the world; includes the individuals characteristic way of thinking, feeling, acting, living and striving toward long-term goals Social interest – central indicator of mental health; being as concerned about others as one is about self; includes capacity to cooperate and contribute; identification and empathy with others Community feeling – social connectedness; feeling of being connected to all of humanity (past, present and future) and to being involved in making the world a better place 3 universal life tasks: so cial task (friendship), love-marriage task (intimacy), occupational task (society) Birth order and sibling relationship – 5 psychological positions or vantage points from which children to view life: oldest, second of only 2, middle, youngest, and only Increase the client’s social interest Decrease a sense of inferiority Change the lifestyle Change faulty motivation Tend to look for major mistakes in thinking and valuing Assume a non-pathological perspective; do not label clients with pathological diagnoses Assist clients in better understanding, challenging, and changing their life story. Make a comprehensive assessment of the client’s functioning thru family constellations, life tasks and early recollection The therapeutic process: 1. Forming a relationship based on mutual respect 2. Holistic psychological evaluation or lifestyle assessment 3. Disclosing mistaken goals and faulty assumptions 4. Reeducation or reorientation Phases of Adlerian Counseling: 1. Establish the proper therapeutic relationship 2. Explore the individual’s psychological dynamics (lifestyle investigation) subjective interview objective interview family constellation early recollections: stories of events that a person says occurred before he or she was 10 years of age; used as a projective technique 3. Encourage self-understanding and insight (developing self-understanding): insight: understanding of the motivations that operate in the client’s life possible only when hidden purposes and goals of behavior are made conscious disclosure and well-timed interpretations interpretation: deals with client’s underlying motives for behaving the way they do in the here and now 4. Reorientation and Reeducation Putting insights into practice Reorientation: involves shifting rules of interaction, process and motivation facilitated thru change in awareness Encouragement – most distinctive Adlerian procedure; entails showing faith in people, expecting them to assume responsibility for their lives, and valuing them for who they are Existential Therapy Essentially an experiential approach to counseling rather than a firm theoretical model Stresses core human conditions Interest is on the present and on what one is becoming The approach has a future orientation and stresses self-awareness before action Focuses on exploring themes such as mortality, meaning, freedom, responsibility, anxiety and aloneness Basic existential premise: we are not victims of circumstance because we are what we choose to be Existential traditions: seeks a balance between recognizing the limits and tragic dimensions of human existence on one hand and the possibilities of human life on the other Basic dimensions of human condition: 1. The capacity for self-awareness: freedom, choice and responsibility make up the foundation 2. Freedom and responsibility: freedom to become, capacity to reflect on the meaning of our choices, capacity to act on choices free to choose among alternatives freedom means we are responsible for our lives, for our actions and our failures to take action authenticity: we are living by being true to our own evalution of what is a valuable existence for ourselves inauthenticity: not accepting personal responsibility existential guilt: being aware of having evaded a commitment or having chosen not to choose 3. Striving for Identity and Relationship to others: People are concerned about preserving their uniqueness and centeredness but we also strive for connectedness: the courage to be (awareness of our finite nature); experience of aloneness (we cannot depend on anyone else for our own confirmation; that is, we alone must give a sense of meaning to life, and we alone must decide how we will live); we have to be able to stand alone before we can truly stand beside another. The experience of relatedness: when we are able to stand alone and tap into our own strength, our relationships with others are based on our fulfillment, not our deprivation. Struggling with our identity: doing mode to avoid the experience of being 4. The Search for Meaning Struggle for a sense of significance and purpose in life Task of the therapeutic process: to help clients create a value system based on a way of living that is consistent with their way of being Meaninglessness: major existential neurosis of modern life; can lead to emptiness and hollowness or ‘existential vacuum’ 5. Anxiety as a condition of living Existential anxiety: unavoidable result of being confronted with the givens of existence (death, freedom, choice, isolation and meaninglessness) 6. Awareness of Death and Nonbeing Awareness of death as a basic human condition gives significance to living Serves as a motivation for us to take advantage of appreciating the present moment Positive force that drives us to live as fully as possible Death and life are interdependent, and though physical death destroys us, the idea of death saves us. To assist clients in their exploration of the existential ‘givens of life’ Assist clients in moving toward authenticity and to recognize when they are deceiving themselves Help people to reclaim and reown their lives 4 essential aims: to help clients become more present to both themselves and others; to assist clients in identifying ways they block themselves from fuller presence; to challenge clients to assume responsibility for designing their present lives; to encourage clients to choose more expanded ways of being in their daily lives Central goal: increased awareness Understanding the subjective world of clients to help them come to new understandings and options. Assist the clients in seeing the ways in which they constrict their awareness and cost of such constrictions. Encourage experimentation Phases of counseling: Initial phase: definition of the client’s view of the world, perception of existence, examination of values, beliefs and assumptions Middle phase: self-exploration Final phase: learnings are put into action Person-Centered Therapy The client has the potential to become aware of problems and the means to resolve problems. Faith is placed in the client’s capacity for self-direction. Mental health is a congruence of ideal self and real self. Maladjustment is the result of a discrepancy between what one wants to be and what one is. In therapy, attention is given to the present moment and on experiencing and expressing feelings. People are essentially trustworthy. They have a vast potential for understanding themselves and resolving their own problems without direct intervention of the therapist’s part. Basic sense of trust in the client’s ability to move forward in a constructive manner if conditions fostering growth are present. People are trustworthy, resourceful, capable of self-understanding and self-direction, able to make constructive changes, and able to live effective and productive lives. Therapist attributes: Congruence (genuineness or realness) Unconditional positive regard Accurate empathic understanding Actualizing tendency: directional process of striving toward realization, fulfillment, autonomy and self-determination Mental health: congruence of ideal self and real self Maladjustment: result of discrepancy between what wants to be and what one is Achieving a greater degree of independence and integration. Assist clients in their growth process so clients can better cope with clients as they identify them. Provide a climate conducive to helping the individual strive toward self-actualization. To increasingly actualize: Openness to experience Trust in themselves Internal source of evaluation Willingness to continue growing Rooted in their ways of being and attitudes, not in techniques. Therapists use themselves as an instrument of change. To be present and accessible to clients and to focus on their immediate experience. Be congruent, accepting, and empathic to be a catalyst for change. Gestalt Therapy The person strives for wholeness and integration of thinking, feeling and behaving. Nondeterministic view. Person is viewed as having the capacity to recognize how earlier influences are related to present difficulties. Experiential approach: grounded on the here-and-now, emphasizes awareness, personal choice and responsibility Holism – gestalt means whole or completion or a form that cannot be separated into parts without losing its essence Field theory – organism must be seen in its environment or in its context Figure formation – how the individual organizes experience from moment to moment; foreground and background Organismic self-regulation – process by which equilibrium is disturbed by the emergence of a need, sensation, or interest and how the individual strives to maintain balance Paradoxical theory of change: authentic change occurs more from being who we are than from trying to be who we are not Phenomenological inquiry – paying attention to what is occurring now Unfinished business – when figures emerge from the background but are not completed and resolved, manifested in unexpressed feelings Contact – made by seeing, hearing, smelling, touching and moving; interacting with nature and with other people without losing one’s sense of individuality Resistances to contact – coping processes but often end up preventing us from experiencing the present in a full and real way Introjection Projection Retroflection – turning back onto ourselves what we would like to do to someone else or doing to ourselves what we would like someone else to do or for us Deflection: distracting or veering offs Confluence: blurring the differentiation between the self and the environment Assisting the client to attain greater awareness, and with it, greater choice. Awareness: knowing the environment, knowing oneself, accepting oneself, and being able to make contact Move toward awareness of themselves (client) Gradually assume ownership of experiences Develop skills and acquire values that will allow them to satisfy their needs without violating the rights of others Attitudes and behavior of the therapist count more than the techniques Therapist does not interpret for the clients but assists them in developing the means to make their own interpretations Experiments Internal dialogue – empty-chair technique Behavior therapy Focus is on directly observable behavior Present behavior is given attention Therapy is based on the principles of learning theory Normal behavior: reinforcement and imitation Abnormal behavior: faulty learning Person is the producer and product of the environment Current trend is on developing procedures that give control to clients and thus increase their range of freedom Goal is to overcome debilitating behaviors that restrict choices 7 Key Characteristics 1. Founded on scientific method and empirically derived principles 2. Behavior is not limited to overt actions 3. Deals with client’s current problems and the factors influencing them; functional assessment/behavioral analysis (looking at current environmental events that maintain problem behaviors) 4. Clients are expected to have an active role by engaging in specific actions to solve their problems. 5. Change can take place without insight into underlying dynamics and without understanding the origins of a psychological problem. 6. Assessment is an ongoing process of observation and self-monitoring. 7. Behavioral treatment interventions are individually tailored to specific problems experienced by the client. To eliminate maladaptive behaviors and learn more effective behaviors To identify factors that influence behavior and find out what can be done about problematic behavior To encourage clients to take an active and collaborative role in clearly setting treatment goals and evaluating how well these goals are being met Conduct a thorough functional assessment to identify maintaining conditions by systemically gathering information about situational antecedents (A), dimensions of the problem behavior (B) and the consequences of the problem (C) Therapist is active and directive and functions as a teacher or mentor Progressive Muscle Relaxation Systematic Desensitization Relaxation training Development of graduated anxiety hierarchy Systematic desensitization proper Exposure therapies In Vivo Exposure: client exposure to actual anxiety-evoking events rather than simply imagining these situations Flooding: exposure to anxiety-evoking stimuli for a prolonged period of time (in vivo flooding, imaginal flooding) Cognitive Behavior Therapy Cognitions are the major determinants of behavior. Psychoeducational model: therapy is a learning process Human beings are born with potential for both rational and irrational thinking. REBT: we learn irrational beliefs from significant others during childhood WE actively reinforce our self-defeating beliefs through auto-suggestion and repetition Blame: at the core of most emotional disturbances A-B-C framework: (A) Activating event - (B) Belief - (C) emotional Consequence - (D) Disputing intervention - (E) Effect - (F) new Feeling Cognitive restructuring: replacing irrational beliefs with rational beliefs Major goal of REBT: to encourage clients to be less emotionally reactive To teach clients how to separate evaluation of their behaviors from the evaluation of themselves To teach clients how to accept themselves in spite of their imperfections To teach clients to analyze and to correct their distortions of reality To teach clients to distinguish their irrational and rational beliefs To reduce or eliminate undesirable emotions 2 main goals: Achieve unconditional self-acceptance Achieve unconditional other acceptance Directive function Confronting the client Persuades and debates in attacking client’s self-defeating patterns ABC-DEF Theory of Behavior Disputing Cognitive: persuasion and direct questioning Imaginal: rational emotive imagery Behavioral: behaving in diff erent ways process: Detecting Debating Discriminating Cognitive restructuring Countering (should be direct opposite of irrational belief, believable, concise, assertive and emotional intensity, owned by clients) Rational self-analysis: repeated investigation and disputation of irrational beliefs Other cognitive techniques and methods: Bibliotherapy: self-help books Changing language Psychoeducation Using humor Role playing Shame-attacking exercise Emotionl control cards (inappropriate or appropriate feelings) Major behavioral techniques: Heightening awareness (numerical ratings and self-recording) Action homework Case Conceptualization and Treatment Planning Step 1: Assess patient concerns and difficulties Problem lists ABC’s of functional assessment: Antecedents, Behaviors, short-term and long-term consequences Clinical hypotheses and treatment plan Identifying possible treatment obstacles Goal-setting Goals should be SMART Broad goals - prioritize - break into smaller steps - operationalize (define, steps to be taken) Reality Therapy We need quality relationships to be happy. Choice theory is the theoretical basis Unhappiness results from the way we choose to behave Psychological problems are the result of our resisting the control by others or of our attempt to control others. We are born with 5 genetically encoded needs: Survival Love and belongingness needs Power Freedom Fun Quality world – file of wants, our personal Shangri-la Picture album of specific wants as well as precise ways to satisfy these wants Total behavior (thinking, feeling, acting, and physiology) – best attempt to get what we want and to satisfy our needs The emphasis is what clients can control in their relationships: the only person you can control is yourself To help clients get connected or reconnected with the people they have chosen to put in their quality world To help clients learn better ways of fulfilling all of their needs Assist clients in making more effective and responsible choices related to their wants and needs To serve as mentors or teachers Teach clients how to engage in self-evaluation by raising the question, â€Å"is what you are choosing to do getting you what you want and need? † To challenge clients to examine what they are doing Assist clients in evaluating their own behavioral direction, specific actions, wants, perceptions, level of commitment, possibilities for new directions, and action plans Con vey the idea that no matter how bad things are, there is hope Cycle of counseling: creating the counseling environment and implementing specific procedures that lead to changes in behavior The WDEP system: Wants (exploring wants, needs, and perceptions) Directing and doing (learning better ways to get what they want) Self-evaluation (cornerstone of reality therapy, involves the client examining behavioral direction, specific actions, wants, perceptions, new directions, and plans) Planning and action Feminist Theory Constructs include being gender-fair, flexible, interactionist and life-span-oriented Gender and power are at the heart of feminist therapy Systems approach that recognizes that social, cultural, and political factors that contribute to an individual’s problem The personal is political Therapists have a commitment to social change Women’s voices and ways of knowing are valued and women’s experiences are honored The counseling relationship is egalitarian Therapy focuses on strength and a reformulated definition of psychological distress All types of oppression are recognized To bring about transformation both in the individual client and in society To assist clients in recognizing, claiming, and using their personal power to free themselves from the limitations of gender-role socialization To confront all forms of institutional policies that discriminate or oppress on any basis Therapeutic relationship is based on empowerment and egalitarianism Actively breaks down the hierarchy of power and reduce artificial barriers by engaging in appropriate self-disclosure and teaching clients about the therapy process Strive to create a collaborative relationship Empowerment Self-disclosure Gender-role analysis Gender-role intervention Power analysis Bibliotherapy Assertiveness training Reframing and relabeling Social action Postmodern approaches: Solution-focused brief therapy Future-focused, goal-oriented therapeutic approach to brief therapy Emphasizes strengths and resiliencies of people by focusing on exceptions to their problems Unique focus: what is possible Behavior change is viewed as the most effective approach to assisting people in enhancing their lives No necessary relationship between the causes of the problems and their solutions Positive orientation: people are healthy and competent and have the ability to construct solutions that can enhance their lives Changing the viewing of a situation or a frame of reference Changing the doing of the problematic situation Tapping the client’s strengths and resources Client-as-expert To point the clients in the direction of change without dictating what to change Strive to create a climate of mutual respect, dialogue, and affirmation in which clients experience the freedom to create, explore, and coauthor their evolving stories Helping clients imagine how they would like life to be different and what it would take to make this transformation Ask questions 4 steps that characterize SFBT: Find out what clients want rather than what they do not want Do not look for pathology If what clients are doing is not working, encourage them to experiment with doing something different Keep therapy brief by approaching each session as if it were the last and only session Steps involved in solution building: Problem Goals Exceptions Feedback, encouragement, suggestion Evaluate progress Pretherapy change: what clients have already done to elicit positive change; â€Å"What have you done since you called for the appointment that has made a difference in your problem? † Exception questions: when the problem did not exist or was not as intense The miracle question: â€Å"If a miracle happened and your problem was solved overnight, how would you know it was solved, and what would be different? †; hypothetical solutions, rests on the assumption that changing the doing and viewing of the perceived problem changes the problem; opens up a range of future possibilities Scaling questions: enables clients to play closer attention to what they are doing now and how they can take steps to achieve desired goals Formula first session task – elicits hope that change is inevitable Therapist feedback to client: compliments, bridge, suggesting a task (homework) Terminating: ultimate goal of therapy Postmodern approaches: Narrative Therapy Individuals construct the meaning of life in interpretive stories, which are then treated as ‘truth’. Focus: listening respectfully to client’s stories; search for a time in client’s lives when they were resourceful; to use questions as a way to engage clients and facilitate their exploration; to avoid diagnosing and labeling clients or accept a totalizing description based on a problem; to assist clients in separating themselves from the dominant stories they have internalized Role of stories: shape reality in that they construct and constitute what we say, feel, and do; the stories we live by grow out of conversations in a social and cultural context Listening with an open mind – normalizing judgment: any kind of judgment that locates a person on a normal curve and is used to assess intelligence, mental health, or normal behavior; avoid totalizing language (labels) To invite people to describe their experience in a fresh and new language This new language enables clients to develop new meanings for problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors Active facilitato rs Help clients construct a preferred storyline Understanding the client’s lived experiences and de-emphasize efforts to predict, interpret and pathologize Renaming the problem Externalizing the problem (separates the person from identification with the problem); externalizing conversation Searching for hopeful exceptions to the problem (unique outcomes) – moments of choice or success regarding the problem Alternative stories and reauthoring – constructing new stories, possibility questions Family Systems Therapy The family is viewed from an interactive and systemic perspective. Clients are connected to a living system; change in one part of the system will result in change in other parts The family provides the context for understanding how individuals function in relationship to others and how they behave Treatment deals with family unit An individual’s dysfunctional behavior grows out of the interactional unit of the family and out of larger systems as well Focus is on communication patterns within a family, both verbal and nonverbal. Problems in relationship are passed on from generation to generation. Symptoms are often viewed as an expression of a set of habits and patterns within a family Multigenerational family therapy: A predictable pattern of interpersonal relationships connects the functioning of family members across generations Emotional problems will be transmitted from one generation to another if not resolved or dealt with effectively Triangulation: triads that result in a two-against one experience Differentiation: psychological separation of intellect and emotion and independence of the self from others Human Validation Process Emphasis on family communication Strong, nurturing relationship Four communications stance: blaming, placating, super reasonable, irrelevance Antidote: congruence Experiential family therapy Choice, self-determination, growth, and actualization Goal was not to eliminate anxiety in the family but to maintain or enhance it so that it would serve as motivation for change Structural-strategic family therapy An individual’s symptoms are best understood from the vantage point of interactional patterns, or sequences, within a family Structural changes must occur in a family before an individual’s symptoms can be reduced or eliminated Goals are two-fold: reduce symptoms and dysfunction; bring about structural change within the system To help family members gain awareness of patterns of relationships that are not working well To create new ways of interacting Teacher, coach, model and consultant Genograms Teaching Asking questions Joining the family Tracking sequences Issuing directives Use of countertransfernce Family mapping Reframing Restructuring Enactments Setting boundaries

Beginning Of House Music Essays - African-American Music

Beginning Of House Music Essays - African-American Music Beginning Of House Music Early House To trace the origins of todays house music, one needs to time travel back to the 80s, following a bizarre trail that spans the Atlantic ocean, hits the Mediterranean dance floors of Ibiza, sneak into the backdoors of New Yorks recording studios, and have V.I.P. passes to the clubs of Chicago and London. Since we cant deliver any of that, heres a brief retelling of the birth of modern dance music. House musics earliest roots are found in the musical hotspots of Chicago around 1985. Transplanted New York DJ Frankie Knuckles had a regular gig at a club called The Warehouse. Knuckles would tinker with soul and disco tunes by laying down a drum machine-generated 4/4 beat on top of them. The clubbers loved this new sound and house music, named for the club, was born. More DJs took to the tables and the studios, and soon there was an abundance of new house tracks penetrating both the clubs and airwaves of Chicago. The new sound found its way to the East Coast, where DJs in Philly and New Yo rk spun their own interpretations of classic dance tunes with a house beat on top. But the biggest fans of the Chicago sound werent in the U.S. at all Simultaneously, pirate radio in Britain took to the Chicago sounds. Incidentally, at the time pirate stations were the only ones playing black music of any kind in the U.K. Before long, house was the new soundtrack of the underground clubs of London. The first house tune to break the underground ceiling was Farley Jackmaster Funks cover of Isaac Hayes Love Cant Turn Around, which reached the national charts in September 1986. The UK couldnt seem to get enough. Soon, commercial success beckoned several of the early artists. Steve Silk Hurley was the first to reach the ultimate accolade, the UK No.1, with Jack Your Body in January 1987. This success paved the way for a house-flavored single to hit internationally. The collaboration of British artists Colourbox and A.R. Kane, known as M/A/R/R/S, hit the big time with Pump up the Volume. Considered lightweight by many house purists, the track nonetheless took over dance floors worldwide and delivered house beats to the planets masses for the first time. But many fans werent receptive of houses sudden commercial success, and they went looking for a sound to drive it back underground. One inspiration for a house mutation came in the form of the Roland TB 303 synthesizer. One of the earliest instigators of this new sound was Britains DJ Pierre, whose work with the Roland dated back to 1985. Pierre cut drums on top of the 303s bassline, and gave the results to a DJ working at Chicagos Music Box club named Ron Hardy. Hardy renamed it Acid Trax (after a well-fabled incident in which the clubs water supply was dosed with LSD) and played it incessantly. It barely made a ripple outside Chicago in 1986, but Acid Trax was a sign of things to come. Acid, as it came to be known, was a hybrid of house with its roots on both sides of the Atlantic, and would define a new generation of dance music. Acid House parties sprang up over the U.K., scaring parents senseless with its double-entendre. Of course, the drug inferences and the trademark t-shirt symbol, a smiley face with a bullethole in the forehead, increased acid musics popularity with the kids, and the music world took note. Mainstream pop artists began exhibiting acid influence in their records, and more crossovers from the underground appeared on the charts. Chicagos house masterminds were busier than ever finding new grooves to lay down. College buddies Kevin Saunderson, Juan Atkins, and Derrick May all produced records both influential and resonating (Mays The Dance was sampled countless times for years to come) throughout the Windy City. Meanwhile, two other producers, Eddie Fowlkes and Blake Baxter fused Eurobeats with the funk of George Clinton. This was a creation they called techno. 1988 saw house branching out even more, as in the eclectic marriage of house beats with quasi-industrial music. K nown as the Balearic movement, it found an audience in the Mediterranean

Big Brother

â€Å"Oh you’re Johnny’s little brother? You must be sick bro.† Not quite. He played like he was born with a stick in his hand. And he went through school like he already knew the answers. Having dyslexia, school has never been easy for me. But for him, he aced tests with no problem, could read a book in just a few days, and solved math problems like his brain was a calculator. â€Å"Oh you’re Johnny’s little brother? You must be so smart.† Not quite. Every teacher I had after him had huge expectations for me that i wasn’t able to meet. As I got older, I fell further and further behind my big brother in all of these places, and it was making me miserable. Then everything changed. Four years ago on Christmas morning I opened up that beautiful ukulele and start playing immediately. Of course, I wasn’t as good as my big brother was, but I was drawn to it like Winnie the Pooh and the last jar of honey. Months later, as my brother gained interest in other things, my passion took over. I realized that just because my big brother didn’t do something, doesn’t mean that I shouldn’t either. From that point on, I was obsessed with my own hobbies. I started yo-yoing, playing guitar, and tie-dying everything I could find. This realization also helped me with school, sports, and being happy in general. Instead of trying to get grades as good as my big brother, I worked the hardest I could, for me. And in lacrosse, I started having fun again. Instead of always comparing myself after a game, I would just enjoy my time playing with my friends. Now people say, â€Å"Oh you’re Johnny’s little brother? I’ve heard so much about you! What he taught me changed my life. My big brother didn’t inspire me to be the best, he inspired me to be different. To be my own person. To be me.

The Origin of the Concept of Logistics Research Paper

The Origin of the Concept of Logistics - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that the origin of the concept, Logistics, was noticed before the birth of Christ and was employed by the Greek generals (Leon, the Wise and Alexander, the Great) to procure food, ammunition, and clothing for their army. It has been noticed that for years, the concept of logistics had been an issue of war affairs. History has recorded which shows that what people wanted were not available or produced in the place of its consumption. These goods were not accessible even when they had the urge to consume them. The food and the commodities were dispersed widely and were also available in abundance, during certain times of the year. Earlier, people had the tendency to consume their choice of food or commodity at the location or after moving the goods to a preferred site and hoarding them for later use. However, the absence of well-developed storage and transportation systems had brought in difficulty for them to consume these goods. As a result , the movement of the goods was limited to an individual depending on how he/she moves it. The main problem that was faced by them was the perishable nature of the goods, which forced them to gather the needful frequently. The restrictions faced by the people in storage and transportation had made them live in places closer to the source of production in order to facilitate easy consumption (Ferrell and Hartline, 2010). Thus, the concept of logistics was not prominent and proficient in those days because of its cost. The cost of logistics was quite high which therefore restricted the traders and the business to transport the goods and commodities from one place to another. It was a big problem for the mass to stay close to the source of the production since the traders or the business did not provide them with the facility of transportation of the goods to their homes. The concept of logistics would have eliminated these problems if it had been introduced and properly utilized then. The goals of the traders were to acquire higher productivity and earn good profits from their business and thus, they did not emphasize much on logistics (Dess, Lumpkin and Eisner, 2009). However today, with the passage of time, logistics have become the heart and the success of every business. It is used as the most important strategic weapon by the companies for transporting their goods from one part of the world to another so that every person has the right to use or consume it. However, it can be noticed that today, in a few areas, the production and consumption take place in the same geographic region. So that marks for an exception. There are striking examples that can be observed in different parts of the worlds like, South America, Australia, Asia, and Africa. Here, the population resides in small, self-sufficient villages and most of the goods that are used by them are acquired or produced in close proximity. Few essential goods are imported from other areas and thus, the production efficiency of the companies is low and the economic standards of living are not even noteworthy. In this type of an economy, a well-developed logistics system can bring positive changes to the exchange of goods among several countries (Dooley, et al., 2006). Logistics – Defined Logistics can be defined as the management of the flow of resources, which exists between the point of consumption and point of origin, for meeting the requirements of the corporations or the consumers. The resources that are managed in the logistics include materials, food, equipment, liquids, and staffs as well as the abstract items like, information, particles, time and energy. The logistics of the items usually take into account the integration of flow of information, production, packaging, material handling, inventory, warehousing, transportation and also, security (Clifton, 2012).  

Targets of Anti-metastatic Drug Development Essay

Targets of Anti-metastatic Drug Development - Essay Example Therefore, in this literature review, the paper describes some of the candidate targets for the anti-metastatic drugs development and the progress that has been made, so far, in developing effective drugs. It is clear that driving oncogenic mutations are necessary for metastasis. A number of the oncogenic mutations so far identified affect cell fate regulation, genomic maintenance and cell survival (Glinsky and Raz, 2010, p. 1788). . These initiating and resultant progression events may also turn out indispensable for metastases establishment at a secondary site. Patient analysis has shown that agents targeting oncogenic mutations or amplifications, such as mutant BRAF in melanoma, amplified HER2 in breast-cancer, have demonstrated substantial effects controlling metastatic disease (Platt and Raz, 1992, P. 438),. Nonetheless, metastasis disease treatment might be sophisticated by the differential demonstration, activity or a combination of oncogenes in metastases during metastatic recurrence (McGarty and Block, 2006, p. 151). For instance, HER2 expression is high in estrogen receptor (ER)+HER2- of luminal breast cancer cells via tumour necrosis factor fantasticfamily member 11-RABKL signalling in the microenvironment of bones. The effectiveness of targeted therapies concerning metastatic environments is presently limited through the drug resistance that often happens in metastatic relapse. Resistance of this nature is always because of the coming up of de novo mutations. Furthermore, the adaptive ability of oncogenic signalling networks for overcoming monotherapy attract new drug targets as well as strategies for inhibiting feedback-regulated pathways. Therefore, constant efforts to maximize target therapies for such oncogenic drivers and to defeat drug resistance will be essential for treat ing metastatic disease. It has been found that tumour cells augment their intrinsic mobility through adopting cellular programs that

Why is high school important to you Essay Example for Free

Why is high school important to you Essay Ill tell you why. when you go to school you can grow up to be anything you choose in your right mind to be. But if you just ditch school and take it as a joke you wont learn anything and youll be on the streets begging for a hundred dollars. You can learn what you can and be serious about it. Dont you want nice cars, a house and at least a job. if you dont want it, then your life will be as miserable as you asked this question. Its very important to get an education, very, very important and that should be the most special thing in your life. Rather than partying, drinking or hanging out with friends, do something with your life for goodness sakes. Stop trying to seem like school is boring to you, you have to go. Besides being able to get and keep a job that will support you, there are other things that are important about school. School teaches you discipline, to be where youre supposed to be when youre supposed to be, the ability to do things that you really dont want to, to work with people that you really dont want to; and to maybe even do them well. It also teaches you how to find out things that you need to know but dont know how to find out; in other words, how to research and how to be resourceful. Whatever it is that you want to be doing or are doing instead of going to school is what youll be doing twenty years from now if you dont learn what you need from school. If its drinking, getting high. playing video games or hanging out with like minded friends. Except, most of the friends that you know now will have moved on or will be in jail. All youll have left is the homeless addicts that hang out on the streets because the shelters wont let them in during the day and have you ever seen those homeless guys with video games. One of the most important things your child can do to achieve academic success is also one of the most basic: going to school every day. In fact, research has shown that your childs attendance record may be the biggest factor influencing her academic success. Achievement:students who attend school regularly are more likely to pass reading and math assessments than students who dont attend school regularly. Opportunity: For older students, being in school every day gives them a chance to learn more about college and scholarship opportunities, and to take the important exams they need to build a successful academic record. Exposure to the English language: Regular school attendance can also help students who are learning English by giving them the chance to master the skills and information they need more quickly and accurately even in other subjects! Being part of the school community: Just by being present at school, your child is learning how to be a good citizen by participating in the school community, learning valuable social skills, and developing a broader world view. The importance of education: Your commitment to school attendance will also send a message to your child that education is a priority for your family, going to school every day is a critical part of educational success, and that its important to take your responsibilities seriously including going to school. What you can do Asa parent or guardian, it is possible to plan ahead in order to limit your childs absences, make school attendance a priority, and help your child from falling behind if it is necessary to miss a day of school.You can do this in the following ways: Help your child get to school on time every day.Babysitting, problems with a car or late bus, and the weather are not permissible reasons to miss school. Frequently coming to school late may also be noted on your childs permanent record, and will make it difficult for your child to stay caught up with the first lessons of each morning. Teach your child how to set and use an alarm clock, and keep the television turned off in the morning. Follow the schools guidelines and attendance policy, and report excused  absences immediately. At the beginning of the school year, review the schools rules and make sure you understand whom you need to call if your child is going to be absent. Check homework. Check each night to see that your child understands and completes the days homework assignments. Take an active role. Stay involved with your childs daily experiences at school by asking how the school day went, and then listening carefully to what your child shares with you both the successes and struggles. Make it a point to meet your childs teacher and friends. Locate potential sources of anxiety.If your child frequently appears upset or reluctant to go to school and cannot tell you why, schedule an appointment with his or her teacher or school counselor to talk about possible sources of the anxiety. Keep updated on school events and announcements. Read the school documents that your child brings home and take note of important announcements and dates, such as back-to-school night and parent-teacher conferences. Try to limit the amount of time that your child misses school due to medical appointments or illness. If possible, avoid scheduling doctors appointments during the school day.Allow your child to stay home only in the case of contagious or severe illnesses. Students who miss days, weeks, or months of school ata time will have a difficult time passing their courses and catching up to their peers. For older students, prolonged absences may make it very difficult to graduate from high school. Schedule family events with your childs school schedule in mind.Plan holiday celebrations or family trips during weekends or school vacations. In the case of family emergencies or unexpected trips, talk to your childs teacher as far in advance as possible and set up a way that your child can work  ahead or bring important homework on the trip. Plan ahead. Encourage your child to prepare for the next school day by laying out clothes the night before and helping to fix lunches. Promote good health.Make sure that your child eats a balanced diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables, and has opportunities to exercise every day through a sports team or playtime outside. Create a restful environment. Finally,make sure that your child can relax before bedtime by doing something quiet like reading rather than do something stimulating, like watching television. Ensure that your child gets enough quality sleep ideal amounts range from 8 to 12 hours. Getting enough sleep will help her get up on time, be refreshed in the morning, and feel ready for a full day of learning ahead! By making your childs school attendance a priority, you will be taking an important step in supporting your childs school success, and setting a good example. Remember every day counts!

Why is there evil? :: essays research papers

Dostoevsky: Why is there evil?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This story is about two brothers, Ivan and Alyosha. Alyosha is a monk and Ivan is his brother who doesn’t believe or accept God. Ivan believes that God cannot exist because there is evil. He doesn’t want to try and be convinced otherwise by his brother.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ivan accepts and believes in God and says that there has to be evil. Evil has to be permitted because without it men would never know the difference between good and evil. This is important because it makes us aware of what could happen in the afterlife.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We should think about if the fact of evil counts against the existence of God. I think that evil and good must be present because the people that are evil and have fun at others expenses will pay after they die, and the people who are good and get persecuted will have a rewarding afterlife. B.C. Johnson: Why doesn’t God intervene to prevent evil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Johnson, an atheist, writes about how there cannot be a God because of all the evil that happens. He talks about how innocent babies are killed in fires, and how Hitler was allowed to live. He also says if God exists he would have to be evil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This story was written to show us that there couldn’t be a God because of the mass amounts of evil that take place. It’s a very one sided argument because he lists all of the bad things and none of the good things in the world. It was also written to see his beliefs in religion or non-beliefs because he is an atheist. He is using all of the evil things to support his atheism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We should think about the fact that no good things were brought up such as love, friendship, and family. God has to allow evil in the world because if he didn’t, we would never know the difference between good and evil. Hick: There is a reason why God allows Evil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hick writes about how evil has been around forever with the climax being when Jesus was crucified. He asks why an all-powerful God would allow this and says it’s because of the free will given to us. Everything bad happens because this world is not perfect and this is where â€Å"soul-making† begins.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This was written to show us that God allows evil because he doesn’t want us to be in a utopia because we will never build our souls.

The Applying Problems and Resolving to Implement Sustainable Tourism

The applying problems and the resolving to implement sustainable tourism In this day and age, tourism is one of the largest industries, with an increasing number of tourists all around the world. Because of this, there are many impacts on humankind, with both positive and negative sides. Hence, the sustainable tourism, which is the concept of visiting an area as a tourist and trying to make a balance of the social, culture, economic and especially environmental dimensions, is gained in importance.However, Frey & George (2010) describe that this concept seems to play a significant role in tourism field, but only few of tourism businesses are participating in. This essay will examine the reasons and some possible suggestions. It will first explain the overall of the definition of the sustainable tourism. Then the focus moves onto the factors applying the unsuccessfully sustainability in practice and some specific examples.Next, some feasible measures will be provided. Finally, it draws a conclusion on the limited in the concept of sustainable tourism. There are a few definitions of sustainability within the context of tourism, including ecotourism, green travel, environmentally and culturally responsible tourism, fair trade and ethical travel.To most people, sustainable tourism, that is the most important way to success in sustainability, is still not widely understood despite the remarkable growth of the sustainable tourism industry; therefore, Frey & George (2010) has defined the overall meaning and concept of sustainable tourism in their article that is a part of sustainable development, which is the most valuable of economic, social, natural and cultural resources by management, protection, and conservation, and still maintains its unique as long as possible for sustainable development that could create the better experience for responsible visitors.By definition, such the sustainable tourism should reach its objective, but it is not because there are other d ifficulties. First of all, the main reason that leads to the failure of sustainable tourism is the administration and management with involving organizations, including both policy and operational levels such as the authority of tourism and the local community organization. These government agencies are the majority of the sustainable development; however, in recently years, the development always operates by each individual organization especially in developing countries.The challenge to the sustainable tourism development in Turkey is the best example to illustrate this reason. Tosun (2001) shows the conflict between the central and the local government. The former has concerned about the overall development by supports and promotions of the sustainable tourism in order to enchance the better economy. Nevertheless, the latter has their own policies solving the local specifically problems in each area, so they do not want to follow the centralization. As a result of this agrument, the sustainabiliy has to face with the failure.All of above, you can see the important of the collaboration. Subsequently, shifting in carring capacity is not balancing to demands of visitors. The government support the tourism development but supplied are not enough to provided. The best example is the tourism development in Gambia, Thompson, O'Hare, & Evans (1995) find that the Gambia government has encouraged the tourism development because they recognize the charming climate and the beautiful landscape that is attractive for a large number of tourists; eventhough, the resources, such as accommodations, facilities, and natural resources, are limited.Consequently, the tourism has been growing in leaps and bounds in a short time, so the management, including economy, natural resources, administration and investment, facilities development, education, and training, is proposed. By doing this, the spread of drug abuse, enhanced crime rates, increases in prostitution, and the spread o f sexually transmittes diseases are some of the following social problems; as a result of the failure in the development of sustainable tourism (ibid). The scarcity of resources is one of the key problem to develop the sustainable tourism.Another major reason that needs to be taken into account is a cooperation of people in each community with government policies. These people are playing roles that relate to the sustainable touriam in many forms, such as the ownership and supplier of goods and services. The importance of these people might be mechanism in the development of the sustainable tourism. If these people do not cooperate, the development would delay or interrupt. As Ioannides’ (1995) argues in his article about a flawed implementation of the ustainable tourism in Akamas, Cyprus, in this area, the government requires to turn the mass tourism into ecotourism, which is base on the national park area, because of a lack of accommodations and facilities. By the way, the local people do not agree with this policy so the government offers the other alternative tourism such as argotourism. The farmers and agriculturists feel that is unfair to them anymore so they still do not give the cooperation. All of above, there is not only the reasonable government policies, but also consisting the collaboration of the local people.Despite the reasons as mentioned above, some possible sugguestions for sustainable tourism development are also given. One of the most possible way is a collaboration and a integrated tourism plan by balancing the economic, social, and natural resources in the vary progress towards the sustainable tourism, and a analysis how the plan can do in practice (Kernel, 2005). By doing this, the situation could be improved. An another useful suggestion woud be the evaluation about the ability to support the sufficient demands of visitors or limite the number of travellers to visit the country (Fortuny, Soler, Canovas, & Sanchez, 2008).Conseque ntly, the result would allow the balance of the demand and supply suitable for tourism. The further measure to solve this problem is the cooperation of people based at level of individual investment rather than the tourism sector may be effective in more cooperation between the government, local citizens, and tourists (Garrod & Fyall, 1998). Lastly, creating networks and sharing the information and/or guidelines between the countries facing the same crisis can be useful for each other(Kernel, 2005).If all of these sugguestions were implemented, the sustainable tourism could be successful and optimized as long as possible. From the aforementioned problems and solutions of the sustainable tourism, it can be concluded that the most important point is the understanding about the concept of sustainable tourism. Although, there are some factors, such as the lack of resources, the conflict betweeen the central and local government, and the cooperate from the local people, that make the con cept unpracticed as it could.On the other hand, the issues about development and promotion of the sustainable tourism are about the parcticability in real life. If the government and the local people who own the tourism areas had cooperated and shared ideas with multilateral together basing to the goal of the development, and encourage people to wisely consume the resources, it could be an effective way to the sustainability. There are not only the responsibility of the people in each country, but also including the tourists from another country because the sustainable tourism development relies on the cooperating people and the resources.References Garrod, B. and Fyall, A. (1998), Beyond the Rhetoric of Sustainable Tourism? , Tourism Management Vol. 19, No. 3, 199-212 Thompson, C. , O’Hare, G. and Evens, K. (1995), Tourism in the Gambia: Problems and Proposals, Tourism Management Vol. 16, No. 8, 571-581 Tosun, C. (2001), Challenges Of Sustainable Tourism Development in the D eveloping World: The Case of Turkey, Tourism Management 22, 289-303 Ioannides, D. (1995), A Flawed Implementation of Sustainable Tourism: The Experience of Akamas, Cyprus, Tourism Management Vol. 16, No. , 583-592 Fortuny, M. , Soler, R. , Canovas, C. and Sanchez, A. (2007), Technical Approach for a Sustainable Tourism Development: Case Study in the Balearic Islands, Journal of Cleaner Production 16, 860-869 Frey, N. and George, R. (2010), Responsible Tourism Management: The Missing Link between Business Owners’ Attitudes and Behaviour in the Cape Town Tourism Industry, Tourism Management 31, 621–628 Kernel, P. (2005), Creating and Implementing a Model for Sustainable Development in Tourism Enterprises, Journal of Cleaner Production 13, 151–164 The Applying Problems and Resolving to Implement Sustainable Tourism The applying problems and the resolving to implement sustainable tourism In this day and age, tourism is one of the largest industries, with an increasing number of tourists all around the world. Because of this, there are many impacts on humankind, with both positive and negative sides. Hence, the sustainable tourism, which is the concept of visiting an area as a tourist and trying to make a balance of the social, culture, economic and especially environmental dimensions, is gained in importance.However, Frey & George (2010) describe that this concept seems to play a significant role in tourism field, but only few of tourism businesses are participating in. This essay will examine the reasons and some possible suggestions. It will first explain the overall of the definition of the sustainable tourism. Then the focus moves onto the factors applying the unsuccessfully sustainability in practice and some specific examples.Next, some feasible measures will be provided. Finally, it draws a conclusion on the limited in the concept of sustainable tourism. There are a few definitions of sustainability within the context of tourism, including ecotourism, green travel, environmentally and culturally responsible tourism, fair trade and ethical travel.To most people, sustainable tourism, that is the most important way to success in sustainability, is still not widely understood despite the remarkable growth of the sustainable tourism industry; therefore, Frey & George (2010) has defined the overall meaning and concept of sustainable tourism in their article that is a part of sustainable development, which is the most valuable of economic, social, natural and cultural resources by management, protection, and conservation, and still maintains its unique as long as possible for sustainable development that could create the better experience for responsible visitors.By definition, such the sustainable tourism should reach its objective, but it is not because there are other d ifficulties. First of all, the main reason that leads to the failure of sustainable tourism is the administration and management with involving organizations, including both policy and operational levels such as the authority of tourism and the local community organization. These government agencies are the majority of the sustainable development; however, in recently years, the development always operates by each individual organization especially in developing countries.The challenge to the sustainable tourism development in Turkey is the best example to illustrate this reason. Tosun (2001) shows the conflict between the central and the local government. The former has concerned about the overall development by supports and promotions of the sustainable tourism in order to enchance the better economy. Nevertheless, the latter has their own policies solving the local specifically problems in each area, so they do not want to follow the centralization. As a result of this agrument, the sustainabiliy has to face with the failure.All of above, you can see the important of the collaboration. Subsequently, shifting in carring capacity is not balancing to demands of visitors. The government support the tourism development but supplied are not enough to provided. The best example is the tourism development in Gambia, Thompson, O'Hare, & Evans (1995) find that the Gambia government has encouraged the tourism development because they recognize the charming climate and the beautiful landscape that is attractive for a large number of tourists; eventhough, the resources, such as accommodations, facilities, and natural resources, are limited.Consequently, the tourism has been growing in leaps and bounds in a short time, so the management, including economy, natural resources, administration and investment, facilities development, education, and training, is proposed. By doing this, the spread of drug abuse, enhanced crime rates, increases in prostitution, and the spread o f sexually transmittes diseases are some of the following social problems; as a result of the failure in the development of sustainable tourism (ibid). The scarcity of resources is one of the key problem to develop the sustainable tourism.Another major reason that needs to be taken into account is a cooperation of people in each community with government policies. These people are playing roles that relate to the sustainable touriam in many forms, such as the ownership and supplier of goods and services. The importance of these people might be mechanism in the development of the sustainable tourism. If these people do not cooperate, the development would delay or interrupt. As Ioannides’ (1995) argues in his article about a flawed implementation of the ustainable tourism in Akamas, Cyprus, in this area, the government requires to turn the mass tourism into ecotourism, which is base on the national park area, because of a lack of accommodations and facilities. By the way, the local people do not agree with this policy so the government offers the other alternative tourism such as argotourism. The farmers and agriculturists feel that is unfair to them anymore so they still do not give the cooperation. All of above, there is not only the reasonable government policies, but also consisting the collaboration of the local people.Despite the reasons as mentioned above, some possible sugguestions for sustainable tourism development are also given. One of the most possible way is a collaboration and a integrated tourism plan by balancing the economic, social, and natural resources in the vary progress towards the sustainable tourism, and a analysis how the plan can do in practice (Kernel, 2005). By doing this, the situation could be improved. An another useful suggestion woud be the evaluation about the ability to support the sufficient demands of visitors or limite the number of travellers to visit the country (Fortuny, Soler, Canovas, & Sanchez, 2008).Conseque ntly, the result would allow the balance of the demand and supply suitable for tourism. The further measure to solve this problem is the cooperation of people based at level of individual investment rather than the tourism sector may be effective in more cooperation between the government, local citizens, and tourists (Garrod & Fyall, 1998). Lastly, creating networks and sharing the information and/or guidelines between the countries facing the same crisis can be useful for each other(Kernel, 2005).If all of these sugguestions were implemented, the sustainable tourism could be successful and optimized as long as possible. From the aforementioned problems and solutions of the sustainable tourism, it can be concluded that the most important point is the understanding about the concept of sustainable tourism. Although, there are some factors, such as the lack of resources, the conflict betweeen the central and local government, and the cooperate from the local people, that make the con cept unpracticed as it could.On the other hand, the issues about development and promotion of the sustainable tourism are about the parcticability in real life. If the government and the local people who own the tourism areas had cooperated and shared ideas with multilateral together basing to the goal of the development, and encourage people to wisely consume the resources, it could be an effective way to the sustainability. There are not only the responsibility of the people in each country, but also including the tourists from another country because the sustainable tourism development relies on the cooperating people and the resources.References Garrod, B. and Fyall, A. (1998), Beyond the Rhetoric of Sustainable Tourism? , Tourism Management Vol. 19, No. 3, 199-212 Thompson, C. , O’Hare, G. and Evens, K. (1995), Tourism in the Gambia: Problems and Proposals, Tourism Management Vol. 16, No. 8, 571-581 Tosun, C. (2001), Challenges Of Sustainable Tourism Development in the D eveloping World: The Case of Turkey, Tourism Management 22, 289-303 Ioannides, D. (1995), A Flawed Implementation of Sustainable Tourism: The Experience of Akamas, Cyprus, Tourism Management Vol. 16, No. , 583-592 Fortuny, M. , Soler, R. , Canovas, C. and Sanchez, A. (2007), Technical Approach for a Sustainable Tourism Development: Case Study in the Balearic Islands, Journal of Cleaner Production 16, 860-869 Frey, N. and George, R. (2010), Responsible Tourism Management: The Missing Link between Business Owners’ Attitudes and Behaviour in the Cape Town Tourism Industry, Tourism Management 31, 621–628 Kernel, P. (2005), Creating and Implementing a Model for Sustainable Development in Tourism Enterprises, Journal of Cleaner Production 13, 151–164

The greatest improvement

The greatest improvement in the productive powers of labor, and the greater part of the skill, dexterity, and judgment with which it is any where directed, or applied, seem to have been the effects of the division of labor.†This is the first paragraph excerpted from Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations. com/compare-and-contrast-karl-marxs-and-walt-rostows-theories/">Adam Smith is regarded as the Father of Modern Economics, and the Father of Capitalism. Smith’s most famous work, The Wealth of Nations was the first systematic attempt to explain the workings of the economy in market terms, emphasizing the importance of the division of labor. The fundamental element in Smith’s viewpoint is his focus on the importance of the free market in ensuring the highest level of quality of commodities at the lowest prices. Smith’s philosophy is that human beings are naturally individualistic.He furthers political theories that emphasize the individual, and proclaims the worth of each individual. He believes that human beings will interact most effectively when they live in a society of economic freedom, with individualistic philosophies that tend to emphasize what people can do as individuals, not what they can do as groups. In The Wealth of Nations, he states that: â€Å"In a free economic system, an individual is led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention†¦By pursuing his own interest, he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it.† We can understand in this excerpt that because individuals constantly seek to better their own condition, they will continually direct resources to better uses when it is possible to do so. This will result to their and other people’s advantage which can consequently better or improve the conditions of others as well.Adam Smith believes that the tenets of the free market system can improve the living conditions of individuals. In his view, free markets allow all individuals in an economy to improve their conditions. This collective improvement by individuals results to national improvement – the wealth of nations. He believes that a free market enables individuals’ significant self interest to exercise itself within the limits established by a government that controls people from performing positively bad actions.Smith states: â€Å"Man has almost constant occasion for the help of his brethren, and it is vain for him to expect it from their benevolence only. He will be more likely to prevail if he can interest their self-love in his favor, and show them that it is for their own advantage to do for him what he requires of them†¦It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest.†This paragraph very well sums up Adam Smith’s philosophy that individualistic tendencies can very well result to the improvement of others, and to the wealth of nations.Smith greatly believes on the benefits of the division of Labor. The division of labor is a fundamental component of economic growth and it is this division allows the wealth of nations and individuals to develop. The division of labor requires a free market in order to be most effective.Where there is a closed or highly regulated market, or monopolies or guilds control productive practices, inefficiencies can often result. Subsequent to John Locke, Smith also sees labor as the ultimate source for all value. Smith states: â€Å"Labor†¦is the real measure of the exchan geable value of all commodities.†Resources:1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Great Political Thinkers. Plato to the Present. Sixth Edition. William Ebenstein. Allan Ebenstien. Chapter 23: Smith. Pages 492-497.

Geographic Information Systems essays

Geographic Information Systems essays The rapid development of technology has led to advancements that have had a direct impact on the improvement of our military. Weapons have become more effective and the use of satellite imagery has helped reduce the amount of lives lost during conventional warfare. Although not often contemplated, geography and its subcomponents are a critical element of any successful military campaign. U.S. military personnel must plan for environmental factors as well as enemy tactics to ensure a successful campaign. In light of the recent events that have placed our country on the inevitable brink of war, the United States military must continue to implement systems and standards that maximize effectiveness while minimizing casualties. Should the United States military use Geographic Information Systems? The military uses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to help understand terrain and its effect on battlefield support ("In Search of Military GIS" 1). By becoming more cognizant of terrain conditions, the United States military has become the most lethal and efficient military in the world. Understanding terrain has been important to military operations for roughly 1000 years ("The Role of Geographic Information Systems on the Electronic Battlefield" 1). Many great battles have been won and lost due to geography. Elements such as terrain, weather and soil can have a major impact on the outcome of a battle. Napoleon's attempt to enter Russia just before the Russian winter is probably the most glaring example of what can happen if geography is not weighed in military plans. The world is constantly changing but a map cannot. Once it is created it starts to become out of date ("GIS for Defense" 2). Areas that were once heavily forested can be destroyed by fire. Floods can destroy roads that serve as major thoroughfares. Should these disasters or any other natural or man-made occurrences take place, the map created suddenly become...

Review/Summary of the movie Born on the 4th of July Review

/Summary of the Born on the 4th of July - Movie Review Example (Special references to the protagonist Ron Kovic and the problems faced by him during and after his involvement in the Vietnam War). Brief plot summary: The film focuses upon the protagonist’s life during and after the Vietnam War. As a normal individual, his life was with full of peace and happiness. But his involvement in Vietnam War undertaken by his motherland (America) forced him to be in the warfront. Meanwhile, he did realize the problems faced by the marines during war. During an attack, Ron Kovic became permanently paralyzed and it forced him to shrink into his personal domain. This alienation from his public domain and family helped him to realize the futility of war and the importance of international peace. So, he decided to react and was fully immersed in the propaganda against war. Review: One can easily identify that the film is based upon the life history of the Vietnam War veteran, Ron Kovic. The director tries to unveil the futility of war, the psychological trauma created by war and the need of international cooperation to regain peace. The director makes use of the protagonist as an innovative tool to unleash his ideas upon the futility of war.

Moral Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Moral Management - Research Paper Example This paper discuses the concept of moral management in the current business world. Vogel (2005: 51) argues that the objective of management â€Å"is to offer direction, develop commitment, facilitate change and achieve results through creative, effective and responsible use of people and other resources†. Morals on the other hand deal with personal or organizational behavior or a belief regarding what is acceptable or not suitable to do or engage in. In this case, moral management in business organizations and in the society entails the deliberate engagement of people to perform particular tasks that are morally acceptable in the organization. Morals and ethical standing of an organization determines how the public perceives it (Vogel, 2005). For long period, the public gauges the moral standards of an organization using honesty and ethical elements of its management. In this regard, businesspersons are ranked differently depending of there area of specialization or engagement . Aguilar (1994) lists several business professionals that have consistently been ranked low by the public in the last four decades. These include stockbrokers, contractors, car salespersons, advertisement practitioners, insurance agents in addition to real estate agents. The moral and ethical standings of the practitioners who engage in these lines of business in the public view have lower ethical standings compared with other professions including teaching or medicine. Irrespective of the line of the business, that a person or an organization is engaged in, it is important to entrench pragmatic moral practices in order to gain public confidence in the organization that would in turn enhance its performance. In the current competitive and challenging business environment, Baron (2001) notes that customers are more aware of their rights and loyalty to a particular brand or an organization is not enough to maintain them. In view of the current highly globalized world, the issue of bu siness ethics and morality is no longer confined in a particular geographical region. The widespread application of information technology, World Wide Web, electronic commerce, in addition to social networking sites have suddenly exposed small and large enterprises to global scrutiny and this trend underlies the importance of moral management. Similarly, the emerging technology in other aspects of human existence, such as medicine and biotechnology continues to elicit many ethical and moral issues in respect to their application, regardless of the benefits that they offer to humanity. To address these issues in view of globalization and developing technologies, it is important to look at the enduring management practices, their challenges in the business environment and how they need to change to address the merging business moral management issues. In this regard, it is important to investigate moral, immoral and amoral management in order to make a clear distinction among them. Ba ron (2001) argues that immoral management established the foundation of the business ethics discipline. According to Brekke and Karine (2003), unethical and immoral practices in an organization are identical. In this regard, they define immoral management as an organizational practice that not only lacks ethical principles but also in opposition to what is just or right. Therefore, immoral management